E-bikes unplugged: exploring the evolution and environmental benefits of electric cycling

Abstract

Electric bicycles (e-bikes) have rapidly emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional modes of transportation. This study reviews the evolution, technological advancements, and environmental benefits of e-bikes through comparative data analysis, survey results, and case studies. The findings demonstrate that the developments in lithium-ion batteries, lightweight materials, and smart motor systems have significantly improved e-bike performance, efficiency, and affordability. From an environmental perspective, e-bikes can cut greenhouse gas emissions by more than 90% compared to cars, while simultaneously improving urban air quality and reducing overall pollution levels. Survey responses indicate that e-bike users often substitute short car trips, promoting sustainable commuting behaviors and supporting public health. Despite these benefits, challenges persist regarding insufficient infrastructure, inconsistent policy support, and limited battery recycling programs. In summary, e-bikes constitute a transformative element in sustainable urban mobility and climate change mitigation. Beyond policy reforms, future work should prioritize renewable-powered charging systems and circular battery utilization models to ensure e-bikes contribute to a more resilient and environmentally friendly transportation ecosystem.